c. 3100 BCE
Unification
King Narmer unites Upper and Lower Egypt.
Northern Africa · Cairo · EGP · 🗣 Arabic
Egypt, officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia via the Sinai Peninsula. It is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, Palestine and Israel to the northeast, the Red Sea to the east, Sudan and the Sahara to the south, and Libya to the west. The Gulf of Aqaba in the northeast separates Egypt from Jordan and Saudi Arabia. Cairo is the capital, largest city, and leading cultural centre, while Alexandria is the second-largest city and an important hub of industry and tourism. With over 107 million inhabitants, Egypt is the most populous country in the Arab world, third-most populous country in Africa, and 15th-most populated in the world. Wikipedia
Economic indicators: World Bank Open Data (2025).
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King Narmer unites Upper and Lower Egypt.
The Great Pyramid of Giza is built for Pharaoh Khufu.
Alexandria is founded and becomes a centre of learning.
Arab conquest; Cairo later becomes a capital of the Fatimid caliphate (969).
The revolution ends the monarchy; Egypt becomes a republic in 1953.
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